Hijo,+Kiara


 * Do preconceived ideas affect interpretation? **
 * By rephrasing an introduction to include key adjectives, does the interpretation of a musical piece change based on culture? **

Hypothesis


 * We hypothesize that people’s (age group 15-30 that we may find on a college campus) perception of an interpretation on a piece of classical music will be influenced by the preconceived ideas. This hypothesis is based on the common assumptions and reading articles on the impact of suggested leading ideas on individuals. Interpretation classic musical piece can vary from person to person. However, if there were leading introductions to guide them, then, they may begin their interpretation, having that introduction in mind.**

Objective: Our main objective is to find out if whether conceptions of musical interpretiation can be changed or influenced by being introduced to what the musical piece is "supposed to convey". Another possible objective may be if this behavior appears across countries,as if it were a common human behavior.

Method: The music piece that we will use for this project is Shostakovich’s Symphony No. 5. There will be total three group. One will be the control group. This group will only be introduced to very little about this piece. “This symphony No.5 is a piece by Dmitri Shostakovich, written in 1937.”The second group will be introduced in such way: “This symphony No.5 is a piece by Dmitri Shostakovich, written in 1937. This music piece is known to represent the success achieved through a great struggle.” The introduction for the third group will be ““This is a clip from Symphony No.5. The piece is by Dmitri Shostakovich, written in 1937. This piece reflects a sense of repression of the Russian people by the overbearing power of the Soviet Union. This piece represents how the people are fighting back from the presence of unreigned terrorism. The people may seem to be controlled, but they are revolting in their hearts and success is achieved that way. Shostakovich was composing not only to save his own life, but also to help his people revolt." After listening to the music, subjects will be asked to complete a survey, which includes several questions what sorts of interpretation they have.

[[file:survey.docx]]
Held in each American and Korean high school. (?) I'm thinking college campus, so that we get an age group. Also, in my high school, around 10% have been introduced to this piece, so my data would be flawed. I am aware that there is a college campus near you.. would it be possible for you to set up a survey table? I'm planning on giving little candies as compensation for time. Also, I was thinking on a Saturday after track practive. How many people are you thinking of surveying? I'll work on an especially in depth intro for the last one. Also, I'm thinking five questions for the survey, with the first and fourth question being adjective circling and parts a-d. The first and fourth question should be the same, just differently worded so that the results may be quantified.

Time of the day; 12-3pm

Potential Errors: A potential error can be how we may approach the participants. In order to prevent such problem, we much do our best to exclude behavior that are not planned. In addition because this for a small group of people, it is possible that the result may not be generalized to define the common human behavior.

Scholarly Literature Summary
Hijo Byeun

Biased thinking at work is a dangerous thing
By Amelia Naidoo published: November 26, 2011

[] This article suggests about how people think. People rarely see things independently. However, there are sorts of things that affect the way of thinking. The author of this article specializes how humans make judgments. He suggests that people often tend to gain knowledge that would support their preconception, establishing a situation called a confirmation bias. The preconceived notion can shape how one sees things objectively. In Dubai workplaces, it is easy to witness unfair treatment and limited understanding from a boss to employers. Because these thinking shaped and formed by our preconceived notions and we have the tendencies to accept ideas that would further strengthen our thinking, our everyday lives are basically affected. This article closely ties with what I am about to research, the power of suggestion that can change the thinking in the future.

**Understanding errors, biases that can affect journalists**
By S. Molly Stokimq and Paqet H. Gross published: spring 1989 ( an article from Google Scholar)

This article also suggests the idea that people do not view information or observation objectively. Researchers and psychologists have gained results that people are limited in what sorts of information they get depending on what biases they have. Those biases are not just inborn established notions. However, they are colored judgments that are formed thought what they have experienced, establishing a baseline to compare with other events. The author has pointed out that one’s tendency to view things subjectively has far reaching affects. For instance when a reporter reports the sights through his subjective ideas, the viewers would once again see them subjectively. Our tendencies that affect our selves, affect others as well, a statement which I would like to see through my research.

The Influence of neighbors: Where we live and who we know can affect voting patterns
Department of government copyrighted:2009 [] This article further develops the idea of the effect of preconceived notions into something that can make major changes in one’s political philosophy. When people communicate with others and see their people, possibly in different race, they tend to alter or slightly change their political backgrounds. If they were no opened to this environment, this would not have happened. It is the environment, thus the strength of this suggested influence that may not even be direct, that can make a person to do things differently. This article or the study clearly relates to what I am about to research, in terms of how people’s thinking, something personal as political ideas, can be changed just be suggested notions.


 * Some Relflections on "Leading Questions"**
 * Paul G. Johnson**

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Leading questions can be defined by directing questions so that someone who is responding to questions is lead to a certain answer. “[Questions are] … seeking information; the other is seeking agreement with what the questioner has in mind and wants to prove.”======

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Through the course of ‘Some Reflections of “Leading Questions”’ by Paul G. Johnson, the author explores types of leading questions and provides examples to aid a questioner in the quest for truth. Johnson explains that leading questions appear in research efforts and can easily be made to discredit research. He also attempts to present examples so that a conscious researcher can recognize them and alter questions so that they reflect what the respondent truly thinks.======

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Johnson also proposes the stance that the questions that are asked should involve some sort of deep thinking. He does not necessarily stand behind the use of a survey, because he states that it requires little to no thinking, and thing is the activity of the mind that results in learning.======

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I learned from this article that there are many types of leading questions, many of which are unintended but equally dangerous to research. There is also the type of leading question that I hadn’t anticipated; it is possible for a respondent to not only respond to what the researcher is intending, but also strongly the opposite way.======

Paul G. Johnson, Some Reflections on "Leading Questions" Review of Religious Research, Vol. 24, No. 4, Voluntary Action and Religion: A Symposium (Jun., 1983), pp. 357-361 [|Religious Research Association, Inc.] Article Stable URL: []

In an article published by the Calvin Research Group Academic Resource, there is the statement that plainly says the reasoning behind delving into the question aspect of research. “Whenever there is a conflict between two viewpoints, a thorough examination of all proofs on both sides becomes essential.” The article goes onto explain that the reasoning above is why the Courts of Law allows time for cross examination. Getting honest answers is the main goal for any sort of questioning.
 * "Leading Questions" Calvin Research Group Academic Resource**

Unlike the previous article, this chapter introduces a need for Leading Questions. The authors state the sometimes, the researcher must conserve time; this allows for leading questions to suggest the path for the respondent to take. The other reason that the chapter states is that you may be able to convince the respondent of the truth.

This affects my research when I develop the introduction to the piece. When I cultivate the adjectives and leading terms, this article will facilitate my subject’s ability to answer the adjectives that I wish them to. Being able to utilize the information in this article will help me lead the subjects of the examination to elicit a response that matches my hypothesis.

Phillip, Dr. Johnson C., and Dr. Saneesh Cherian. "Leading Question." Calvin Research Group Academic Resource Module 020A1. 1-13. //Brethrenassembly.com//. Web. 25 Feb. 2012. http://www.brethrenassembly.com/Ebooks/Apol_20A1.pdf>.

In an online article by Willem A. Wagenaar, the author states that “Suggestive or misleading interrogation techniques may have the effect that innocent people start to remember having committed a serious crime. Confessions are therefore not the best possible evidence, especially not when it is obvious that the interrogation contained elements of suggestion and deception.” Suggesting to the subjects of the experiment the answers that would prove a correct hypothesis makes interrogation and confessions invalid. However, in the past, suggestive interrogation was used when employing ‘psychological deception”, allowing two innocent men to be proven guilty in a Netherlands Court of Law.
 * "False Confessions After Repeated Interrogation: the Putten Murder Case" by Willem A. Wagnaar**

From this article, I learned that I will be employing psychological deception to prove that leading adjectives DO affect the answers in a research situation. In my case, instead of trying to prove an innocent man guilty, I will be trying to prove that certain spiced terms allow for an otherwise ambivalent subject to be whole-heartedly to one side.

WILLEM A. WAGENAAR (2002). False confessions after repeated interrogation: the Putten Murder Case. European Review, 10, pp 519-537 doi:10.1017/S106279870200042X

In “Music as a Social Circumstance” by Judith R. Blau of State University of New York at Alabany, the author says that collectively, music is a state of expression that is unsurpassed in the assimilation into all aspects of culture. In the sense of a solid cultural point, music provides a study of consequences, both good and bad. The connection between humans and music is undoubtedly strong; the outlet provided within music illustrates all range of emotion. In orchestral arrangements, you may have a dance tune that is as light and airy. On the opposite side, you may have an intense call to arms.
 * "Music as a Social Circumstance" by Judith R. Blau**

Music has a “direct, emotional immediacy”. It hits you in a way that nothing else can. It has the ability to serve as social cohesion, allowing people to be gathered in groups and experience all at the same time. There is a connection between the prevalence of music and indicators of social well-being.

This article is important to my research in that I am utilizing music to arouse an emotional response. However, rather than viewing the particular response, I am researching how a preconceived idea affects the emotional response. Knowing that music holds an integral part in society (universally) allows me to use a time-tested product to stimulate answers and prove that there is an order to them.

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Judith R. Blau, “Music as Social Circumstance”. //Social Forces//, Vol. 66, No. 4 (Jun., 1988), pp. 883-902. [|Oxford University Press]. [] ======

An empirical analysis based on or characterized by observation and experiment instead of theory. In the article “Social Disruption and Its Effects on Music: an Empirical Analysis” by Karen A. Cerulo of Princeton University provides the idea that music reflects social disruption. According to this article (based on six countries) prior to World War II, pieces written in these countries reflect similarities when measured across musical properties. Music that was composed in countries that were subjected to the horrors of the war changed drastically. Countries that were sheltered showed little to no change. In the past, sociologists have tended to regard music as an aspect of culture that is elusive. In this article, music is utilized to reflect social unrest.
 * "Social Disruption and Its Effects on Music: An Empirical Analysis" by Karen A. Cerulo**

From this article, I learned that I need to insert the aspects of social unrest in Shostakovich’s Finale from Symphony No. 5. By allowing my subjects to believe that there is a political undertone, I can attempt to affect their responses. Never mind that many people believe that there is a political undertone to the Symphony; people without a musical background will probably not be able to sense it from afar. A point on which I must be careful will be to ask people who have a musical background, especially with this piece due to its popularity in the music world. Karen A. Cerulo, Social Disruption and Its Effects on Music: An Empirical Analysis. Social Forces, Vol. 62, No. 4 (Jun., 1984), pp. 885-904 [|Oxford University Press]. []


 * Also, I know that these little chunks say 'I' a lot.. this was a paper that I had written for Mrs. Gorski and had to chunk up based on how we were supposed to put it in the Wiki. Let me know if you have any questions or concerns at all or if anything I wrote is wrong.**

result reuploaded doc)
 * DATA REPORT**

GRAPHICAL ANALYSIS (this is a pretty way of saying I put the data into excel and made colorful graphs)
[|RAW DATA GRAPHS.docx] ( I couldn't open this... Maybe can you do the screen capture?)

[[image:soc_pictures.jpg width="400" height="300"]]
Here is a picture of one class I surveyed.. I'm working on getting the video to post i addded the graphs here.. hope it works out ok!